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A Codec also known as Coding Decoding is a compression mechanism which reduces the bandwidth required for the call. Bandwidth required for a normal PSTN call ==64kbps MoS Mean Opinion score is a Value which tells about the quality of a call. G711 is uncompressed codec. It uses 64 kbps and has the highest MoS. G729 is widely used compressed codec and has a MoS of 3.9.

In Telecom basically we have two types of voice signals: Analog and Digital. Analog are of two types: Loop start and Ground Start Loop Start is sued in home environment. Ground start is used in PBX environment , it fixes the problem of glare. Digital Signals are of two types: Channel associated signaling (CAS): Signaling information is transmitted using the same bandwidth as the voice. ■ Common channel signaling (CCS): Signaling information is transmitted using a separate, dedicated signaling channel. ( If used with T1 only 23 channels can be used). There are two types of Digital lines: T1 24 channels and used in America and Japan E1 32 channels (only 30 can be used) used in rest of the world.

 In Cisco to install virtual machines we use B and C series UCS servers. We have tow types of UCS servers: B Series C Series Series Blade Servers Rack Servers Sits into UCS blade chassis Sits on a rack Can’t operate independently. Requires UCS infrastructure Can operate independently Connects only to UCS Fabric Interconnect Can connect to any Ethernet switch including UCS Fabric   Interconnect Managed from the UCS Fabric   Interconnect by Cisco UCS Manager Features Cisco Integrated Management Controller (CIMC) and   thus can be managed independently or from Cisco UCS Manager if connected to a   UCS Fabric Interconnect Supports RAID 0 and 1 only Supports built-in RAID 0 and 1 for SATA drives.RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, and 10 support through a PCIe LSI MegaRAID   Controller Supports Gigabit Ethernet Mezz cards and Converged Network   Adapter Me